This review explores the role of e-fuels in decarbonizing aviation, shipping, and trucking. It examines challenges like high costs, energy intensity, and infrastructure needs, while highlighting innovations in hydrogen production, CO₂ capture, and fuel synthesis. The key focus is on advancing e-fuels for a carbon-neutral future.

Abstract

Decarbonizing transportation, especially aviation, shipping, and trucking, is challenging. E-fuels offer a solution by using renewable electricity to produce carbon-neutral fuels compatible with current engines and infrastructure. Created from hydrogen via electrolysis and CO₂ from the atmosphere or industrial processes, e-fuels mimic conventional fuels, allowing use without major modifications. Key processes include hydrogen generation, CO₂ capture, and synthesis. This study consolidates knowledge, addresses research gaps, and aims to stimulate innovation.