This review discusses the current advancements and challenges in low-temperature and high-temperature electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) methodologies. It highlights the potential of lithium-mediated systems in molten salts and organic solvents for industrial application, emphasizing the need for rigorous testing, standardized research practices, and collaborative validation efforts to overcome existing challenges.

ABSTRACT

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) is an emerging field in sustainable chemistry. This review explores the advancements and challenges in both low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) eNRR methodologies, including aqueous systems, solid-state synthesis, and molten salt techniques. The primary challenges in eNRR are sufficient selectivity and energy efficiency with reliable data acquisition, especially in terms of false positive results. This review explores the current state of eNRR research, emphasizing the ongoing difficulties in improving both the efficiency and reliability of low-temperature aqueous systems. We highlight the potential of lithium-mediated systems in molten salts and organic solvents, which currently demonstrate considerable promise for industrial application, although energy efficiency remains a significant challenge. The review underscores the need for rigorous testing and more consistent research methodologies. This comprehensive analysis places recent advances in eNRR in the broader context of sustainable ammonia synthesis. It emphasizes the importance of continued innovation, standardized research practices, and collaborative validation efforts across different laboratories. In conclusion, while the eNRR field is evolving, a unified approach in research and validation is essential to overcome existing challenges. The successful development and implementation of eNRR technologies, especially lithium-mediated methods, could revolutionize global ammonia production, offering a sustainable alternative to the conventional Haber–Bosch process.